.. _ray-k8s-deploy: Deploying on Kubernetes ======================= .. note:: This document is mainly for advanced Kubernetes usage. The easiest way to run a Ray cluster on Kubernetes is by using the built-in Cluster Launcher. Please see the :ref:`Cluster Launcher documentation ` for details. This document assumes that you have access to a Kubernetes cluster and have ``kubectl`` installed locally and configured to access the cluster. It will first walk you through how to deploy a Ray cluster on your existing Kubernetes cluster, then explore a few different ways to run programs on the Ray cluster. To learn about deploying an autoscaling Ray cluster using :ref:`Ray's Kubernetes operator`, read :ref:`here`. The configuration ``yaml`` files used here are provided in the `Ray repository`_ as examples to get you started. When deploying real applications, you will probably want to build and use your own container images, add more worker nodes to the cluster (or use the `Kubernetes Horizontal Pod Autoscaler`_), and change the resource requests for the head and worker nodes. Refer to the provided ``yaml`` files to be sure that you maintain important configuration options for Ray to function properly. .. _`Ray repository`: https://github.com/ray-project/ray/tree/master/doc/kubernetes Creating a Ray Namespace ------------------------ First, create a `Kubernetes Namespace`_ for Ray resources on your cluster. The following commands will create resources under this Namespace, so if you want to use a different one than ``ray``, please be sure to also change the `namespace` fields in the provided ``yaml`` files and anytime you see a ``-n`` flag passed to ``kubectl``. .. code-block:: shell $ kubectl create -f ray/doc/kubernetes/ray-namespace.yaml Starting a Ray Cluster ---------------------- .. toctree:: :hidden: /cluster/k8s-operator.rst A Ray cluster consists of a single head node and a set of worker nodes (the provided ``ray-cluster.yaml`` file will start 3 worker nodes). In the example Kubernetes configuration, this is implemented as: - A ``ray-head`` `Kubernetes Service`_ that enables the worker nodes to discover the location of the head node on start up. - A ``ray-head`` `Kubernetes Deployment`_ that backs the ``ray-head`` Service with a single head node pod (replica). - A ``ray-worker`` `Kubernetes Deployment`_ with multiple worker node pods (replicas) that connect to the ``ray-head`` pod using the ``ray-head`` Service. Note that because the head and worker nodes are Deployments, Kubernetes will automatically restart pods that crash to maintain the correct number of replicas. - If a worker node goes down, a replacement pod will be started and joined to the cluster. - If the head node goes down, it will be restarted. This will start a new Ray cluster. Worker nodes that were connected to the old head node will crash and be restarted, connecting to the new head node when they come back up. Try deploying a cluster with the provided Kubernetes config by running the following command: .. code-block:: shell $ kubectl apply -f ray/doc/kubernetes/ray-cluster.yaml Verify that the pods are running by running ``kubectl get pods -n ray``. You may have to wait up to a few minutes for the pods to enter the 'Running' state on the first run. .. code-block:: shell $ kubectl -n ray get pods NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE ray-head-5455bb66c9-6bxvz 1/1 Running 0 10s ray-worker-5c49b7cc57-c6xs8 1/1 Running 0 5s ray-worker-5c49b7cc57-d9m86 1/1 Running 0 5s ray-worker-5c49b7cc57-kzk4s 1/1 Running 0 5s .. note:: You might see a nonzero number of RESTARTS for the worker pods. That can happen when the worker pods start up before the head pod and the workers aren't able to connect. This shouldn't affect the behavior of the cluster. To change the number of worker nodes in the cluster, change the ``replicas`` field in the worker deployment configuration in that file and then re-apply the config as follows: .. code-block:: shell # Edit 'ray/doc/kubernetes/ray-cluster.yaml' and change the 'replicas' # field under the ray-worker deployment to, e.g., 4. # Re-apply the new configuration to the running deployment. $ kubectl apply -f ray/doc/kubernetes/ray-cluster.yaml service/ray-head unchanged deployment.apps/ray-head unchanged deployment.apps/ray-worker configured # Verify that there are now the correct number of worker pods running. $ kubectl -n ray get pods NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE ray-head-5455bb66c9-6bxvz 1/1 Running 0 30s ray-worker-5c49b7cc57-c6xs8 1/1 Running 0 25s ray-worker-5c49b7cc57-d9m86 1/1 Running 0 25s ray-worker-5c49b7cc57-kzk4s 1/1 Running 0 25s ray-worker-5c49b7cc57-zzfg2 1/1 Running 0 0s To validate that the restart behavior is working properly, try killing pods and checking that they are restarted by Kubernetes: .. code-block:: shell # Delete a worker pod. $ kubectl -n ray delete pod ray-worker-5c49b7cc57-c6xs8 pod "ray-worker-5c49b7cc57-c6xs8" deleted # Check that a new worker pod was started (this may take a few seconds). $ kubectl -n ray get pods NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE ray-head-5455bb66c9-6bxvz 1/1 Running 0 45s ray-worker-5c49b7cc57-d9m86 1/1 Running 0 40s ray-worker-5c49b7cc57-kzk4s 1/1 Running 0 40s ray-worker-5c49b7cc57-ypq8x 1/1 Running 0 0s # Delete the head pod. $ kubectl -n ray delete pod ray-head-5455bb66c9-6bxvz pod "ray-head-5455bb66c9-6bxvz" deleted # Check that a new head pod was started and the worker pods were restarted. $ kubectl -n ray get pods NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE ray-head-5455bb66c9-gqzql 1/1 Running 0 0s ray-worker-5c49b7cc57-d9m86 1/1 Running 1 50s ray-worker-5c49b7cc57-kzk4s 1/1 Running 1 50s ray-worker-5c49b7cc57-ypq8x 1/1 Running 1 10s # You can even try deleting all of the pods in the Ray namespace and checking # that Kubernetes brings the right number back up. $ kubectl -n ray delete pods --all $ kubectl -n ray get pods NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE ray-head-5455bb66c9-7l6xj 1/1 Running 0 10s ray-worker-5c49b7cc57-57tpv 1/1 Running 0 10s ray-worker-5c49b7cc57-6m4kp 1/1 Running 0 10s ray-worker-5c49b7cc57-jx2w2 1/1 Running 0 10s .. _ray-k8s-run: Running Ray Programs -------------------- This section assumes that you have a running Ray cluster (if you don't, please refer to the section above to get started) and will walk you through three different options to run a Ray program on it: 1. Using `kubectl exec` to run a Python script. 2. Using `kubectl exec -it bash` to work interactively in a remote shell. 3. Submitting a `Kubernetes Job`_. Running a program using 'kubectl exec' ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ To run an example program that tests object transfers between nodes in the cluster, try the following commands (don't forget to replace the head pod name - you can find it by running ``kubectl -n ray get pods``): .. code-block:: shell # Copy the test script onto the head node. $ kubectl -n ray cp ray/doc/kubernetes/example.py ray-head-5455bb66c9-7l6xj:/example.py # Run the example program on the head node. $ kubectl -n ray exec ray-head-5455bb66c9-7l6xj -- python example.py # You should see repeated output for 10 iterations and then 'Success!' Running a program in a remote shell ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ You can also run tasks interactively on the cluster by connecting a remote shell to one of the pods. .. code-block:: shell # Copy the test script onto the head node. $ kubectl -n ray cp ray/doc/kubernetes/example.py ray-head-5455bb66c9-7l6xj:/example.py # Get a remote shell to the head node. $ kubectl -n ray exec -it ray-head-5455bb66c9-7l6xj -- bash # Run the example program on the head node. root@ray-head-6f566446c-5rdmb:/# python example.py # You should see repeated output for 10 iterations and then 'Success!' You can also start an IPython interpreter to work interactively: .. code-block:: shell # From your local machine. $ kubectl -n ray exec -it ray-head-5455bb66c9-7l6xj -- ipython # From a remote shell on the head node. $ kubectl -n ray exec -it ray-head-5455bb66c9-7l6xj -- bash root@ray-head-6f566446c-5rdmb:/# ipython Once you have the IPython interpreter running, try running the following example program: .. code-block:: python from collections import Counter import platform import time import ray ray.init(address="$RAY_HEAD_SERVICE_HOST:$RAY_HEAD_SERVICE_PORT_REDIS_PRIMARY") @ray.remote def f(x): time.sleep(0.01) return x + (platform.node(), ) # Check that objects can be transferred from each node to each other node. %time Counter(ray.get([f.remote(f.remote(())) for _ in range(100)])) Submitting a Job ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ You can also submit a Ray application to run on the cluster as a `Kubernetes Job`_. The Job will run a single pod running the Ray driver program to completion, then terminate the pod but allow you to access the logs. To submit a Job that downloads and executes an `example program`_ that tests object transfers between nodes in the cluster, run the following command: .. code-block:: shell $ kubectl create -f ray/doc/kubernetes/ray-job.yaml job.batch/ray-test-job-kw5gn created .. _`example program`: https://github.com/ray-project/ray/blob/master/doc/kubernetes/example.py To view the output of the Job, first find the name of the pod that ran it, then fetch its logs: .. code-block:: shell $ kubectl -n ray get pods NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE ray-head-5455bb66c9-7l6xj 1/1 Running 0 15s ray-test-job-kw5gn-5g7tv 0/1 Completed 0 10s ray-worker-5c49b7cc57-57tpv 1/1 Running 0 15s ray-worker-5c49b7cc57-6m4kp 1/1 Running 0 15s ray-worker-5c49b7cc57-jx2w2 1/1 Running 0 15s # Fetch the logs. You should see repeated output for 10 iterations and then # 'Success!' $ kubectl -n ray logs ray-test-job-kw5gn-5g7tv To clean up the resources created by the Job after checking its output, run the following: .. code-block:: shell # List Jobs run in the Ray namespace. $ kubectl -n ray get jobs NAME COMPLETIONS DURATION AGE ray-test-job-kw5gn 1/1 10s 30s # Delete the finished Job. $ kubectl -n ray delete job ray-test-job-kw5gn # Verify that the Job's pod was cleaned up. $ kubectl -n ray get pods NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE ray-head-5455bb66c9-7l6xj 1/1 Running 0 60s ray-worker-5c49b7cc57-57tpv 1/1 Running 0 60s ray-worker-5c49b7cc57-6m4kp 1/1 Running 0 60s ray-worker-5c49b7cc57-jx2w2 1/1 Running 0 60s Cleaning Up ----------- To delete a running Ray cluster, you can run the following command: .. code-block:: shell kubectl delete -f ray/doc/kubernetes/ray-cluster.yaml Questions or Issues? -------------------- .. include:: /_help.rst .. _`Kubernetes Horizontal Pod Autoscaler`: https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/run-application/horizontal-pod-autoscale/ .. _`Kubernetes Namespace`: https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/overview/working-with-objects/namespaces/ .. _`Kubernetes Service`: https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/services-networking/service/ .. _`Kubernetes Deployment`: https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/workloads/controllers/deployment/ .. _`Kubernetes Job`: https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/workloads/controllers/jobs-run-to-completion/