.. _tune-60-seconds:

============
Key Concepts
============

Let's quickly walk through the key concepts you need to know to use Tune. In this guide, we'll be covering the following:

.. contents::
    :local:
    :depth: 1

.. image:: /images/tune-workflow.png

Trainables
----------

To start, let's try to maximize this objective function:

.. code-block:: python

    def objective(x, a, b):
        return a * (x ** 0.5) + b

To use Tune, you will need to wrap this function in a lightweight :ref:`trainable API <trainable-docs>`. You can either use a :ref:`function-based version <tune-function-api>` or a :ref:`class-based version <tune-class-api>`.

.. tabbed:: Function API

    Here's an example of specifying the objective function using :ref:`the function-based Trainable API <tune-function-api>`:

    .. code-block:: python

        def trainable(config):
            # config (dict): A dict of hyperparameters.

            for x in range(20):
                score = objective(x, config["a"], config["b"])

                tune.report(score=score)  # This sends the score to Tune.

.. tabbed:: Class API

    Here's an example of specifying the objective function using the :ref:`class-based API <tune-class-api>`:

    .. code-block:: python

        from ray import tune

        class Trainable(tune.Trainable):
            def setup(self, config):
                # config (dict): A dict of hyperparameters
                self.x = 0
                self.a = config["a"]
                self.b = config["b"]

            def step(self):  # This is called iteratively.
                score = objective(self.x, self.a, self.b)
                self.x += 1
                return {"score": score}

    .. tip:: Do not use ``tune.report`` within a ``Trainable`` class.

See the documentation: :ref:`trainable-docs` and :ref:`examples <tune-general-examples>`.

Hyperparameters
---------------

What are *hyperparameters?* And how are they different from *model parameters*?

In supervised learning, we train a model with labeled data so the model can properly identify new data values.
Everything about the model is defined by a set of parameters, such as the weights in a linear regression. These
are *model parameters*; they are learned during training.

.. image:: /images/hyper-model-parameters.png

In contrast, the *hyperparameters* define structural details about the kind of model itself, like whether or not
we are using a linear regression or classification, what architecture is best for a neural network, how many layers, what kind
of filters, etc. They are defined before training, not learned.

.. image:: /images/hyper-network-params.png

Other quantities considered *hyperparameters* include learning rates, discount rates, etc. If we want our training
process and resulting model to work well, we first need to determine the optimal or near-optimal set of *hyperparameters*.

How do we determine the optimal *hyperparameters*? The most direct approach is to perform a loop where we pick
a candidate set of values from some reasonably inclusive list of possible values, train a model, compare the results
achieved with previous loop iterations, and pick the set that performed best. This process is called
*Hyperparameter Tuning* or *Optimization* (HPO). And *hyperparameters* are specified over a configured and confined
search space, collectively defined for each *hyperparameter* in a ``config`` dictionary.

tune.run and Trials
-------------------

Use :ref:`tune.run <tune-run-ref>` to execute hyperparameter tuning. This function manages your experiment and provides many features such as :ref:`logging <tune-logging>`, :ref:`checkpointing <tune-checkpoint-syncing>`, and :ref:`early stopping <tune-stopping-ref>`.

.. code-block:: python

    # Pass in a Trainable class or function to tune.run, along with configs
    tune.run(trainable, config={"a": 2, "b": 4})

``tune.run`` will generate a couple of hyperparameter configurations from its arguments, wrapping them into :ref:`Trial objects <trial-docstring>`.

Each trial has

- a hyperparameter configuration (``trial.config``), id (``trial.trial_id``)
- a resource specification (``resources_per_trial`` or ``trial.placement_group_factory``)
- And other configuration values.

Each trial is also associated with one instance of a :ref:`Trainable <trainable-docs>`. You can access trial objects through the :ref:`ExperimentAnalysis object <tune-concepts-analysis>` provided after ``tune.run`` finishes.

``tune.run`` will execute until all trials stop or error:

.. code-block:: bash

    == Status ==
    Memory usage on this node: 11.4/16.0 GiB
    Using FIFO scheduling algorithm.
    Resources requested: 1/12 CPUs, 0/0 GPUs, 0.0/3.17 GiB heap, 0.0/1.07 GiB objects
    Result logdir: /Users/foo/ray_results/myexp
    Number of trials: 1 (1 RUNNING)
    +----------------------+----------+---------------------+-----------+--------+--------+----------------+-------+
    | Trial name           | status   | loc                 |         a |      b |  score | total time (s) |  iter |
    |----------------------+----------+---------------------+-----------+--------+--------+----------------+-------|
    | MyTrainable_a826033a | RUNNING  | 10.234.98.164:31115 | 0.303706  | 0.0761 | 0.1289 |        7.54952 |    15 |
    +----------------------+----------+---------------------+-----------+--------+--------+----------------+-------+


You can also easily run 10 trials. Tune automatically :ref:`determines how many trials will run in parallel <tune-parallelism>`.

.. code-block:: python

    tune.run(trainable, config={"a": 2, "b": 4}, num_samples=10)

Finally, you can randomly sample or grid search hyperparameters via Tune's :ref:`search space API <tune-default-search-space>`:

.. code-block:: python

    space = {"x": tune.uniform(0, 1)}
    tune.run(my_trainable, config=space, num_samples=10)

See more documentation: :ref:`tune-run-ref`.


Search spaces
-------------

To optimize your *hyperparameters*, you have to define a *search space*.
A search space defines valid values for your hyperparameters and can specify
how these values are sampled (e.g. from a uniform distribution or a normal
distribution).

Tune offers various functions to define search spaces and sampling methods.
:ref:`You can find the documentation of these search space definitions here <tune-sample-docs>`.

Usually you pass your search space definition in the `config` parameter of
``tune.run()``.

Here's an example covering all search space functions. Again,
:ref:`here is the full explanation of all these functions <tune-sample-docs>`.


.. code-block :: python

    config = {
        "uniform": tune.uniform(-5, -1),  # Uniform float between -5 and -1
        "quniform": tune.quniform(3.2, 5.4, 0.2),  # Round to increments of 0.2
        "loguniform": tune.loguniform(1e-4, 1e-1),  # Uniform float in log space
        "qloguniform": tune.qloguniform(1e-4, 1e-1, 5e-5),  # Round to increments of 0.00005
        "randn": tune.randn(10, 2),  # Normal distribution with mean 10 and sd 2
        "qrandn": tune.qrandn(10, 2, 0.2),  # Round to increments of 0.2
        "randint": tune.randint(-9, 15),  # Random integer between -9 and 15
        "qrandint": tune.qrandint(-21, 12, 3),  # Round to increments of 3 (includes 12)
        "lograndint": tune.lograndint(1, 10),  # Random integer in log space
        "qlograndint": tune.qlograndint(1, 10, 2),  # Round to increments of 2
        "choice": tune.choice(["a", "b", "c"]),  # Choose one of these options uniformly
        "func": tune.sample_from(lambda spec: spec.config.uniform * 0.01), # Depends on other value
        "grid": tune.grid_search([32, 64, 128])  # Search over all these values
    }

Search Algorithms
-----------------

To optimize the hyperparameters of your training process, you will want to use a :ref:`Search Algorithm <tune-search-alg>` which will help suggest better hyperparameters.

.. code-block:: python

    # Be sure to first run `pip install bayesian-optimization`

    from ray.tune.suggest import ConcurrencyLimiter
    from ray.tune.suggest.bayesopt import BayesOptSearch

    # Define the search space
    config = {
        "a": tune.uniform(0, 1),
        "b": tune.uniform(0, 20)
    }

    # Execute 20 trials using BayesOpt and stop after 20 iterations
    tune.run(
        trainable,
        config=config,
        metric="score",
        mode="max",
        # Limit to two concurrent trials (otherwise we end up with random search)
        search_alg=ConcurrencyLimiter(
            BayesOptSearch(random_search_steps=4),
            max_concurrent=2),
        num_samples=20,
        stop={"training_iteration": 20},
        verbose=2)


Tune has SearchAlgorithms that integrate with many popular **optimization** libraries, such as :ref:`Nevergrad <nevergrad>` and :ref:`HyperOpt <tune-hyperopt>`. Tune automatically converts the provided search space into the search
spaces the search algorithms/underlying library expect.

See the documentation: :ref:`tune-search-alg`.

Trial Schedulers
----------------

In addition, you can make your training process more efficient by using a :ref:`Trial Scheduler <tune-schedulers>`.

Trial Schedulers can stop/pause/tweak the hyperparameters of running trials, making your hyperparameter tuning process much faster.

.. code-block:: python

    from ray.tune.schedulers import HyperBandScheduler

    # Create HyperBand scheduler and maximize score
    hyperband = HyperBandScheduler(metric="score", mode="max")

    # Execute 20 trials using HyperBand using a search space
    configs = {"a": tune.uniform(0, 1), "b": tune.uniform(0, 1)}

    tune.run(
        MyTrainableClass,
        config=configs,
        num_samples=20,
        scheduler=hyperband
    )

:ref:`Population-based Training <tune-scheduler-pbt>` and :ref:`HyperBand <tune-scheduler-hyperband>` are examples of popular optimization algorithms implemented as Trial Schedulers.

Unlike **Search Algorithms**, :ref:`Trial Scheduler <tune-schedulers>` do not select which hyperparameter configurations to evaluate. However, you can use them together.

See the documentation: :ref:`schedulers-ref`.

.. _tune-concepts-analysis:

Analysis
--------

``tune.run`` returns an :ref:`ExperimentAnalysis <tune-analysis-docs>` object which has methods you can use for analyzing your training.

.. code-block:: python

    analysis = tune.run(trainable, search_alg=algo, stop={"training_iteration": 20})

    best_trial = analysis.best_trial  # Get best trial
    best_config = analysis.best_config  # Get best trial's hyperparameters
    best_logdir = analysis.best_logdir  # Get best trial's logdir
    best_checkpoint = analysis.best_checkpoint  # Get best trial's best checkpoint
    best_result = analysis.best_result  # Get best trial's last results
    best_result_df = analysis.best_result_df  # Get best result as pandas dataframe

This object can also retrieve all training runs as dataframes, allowing you to do ad-hoc data analysis over your results.

.. code-block:: python

    # Get a dataframe with the last results for each trial
    df_results = analysis.results_df

    # Get a dataframe of results for a specific score or mode
    df = analysis.dataframe(metric="score", mode="max")


What's Next?
-------------

Now that you have a working understanding of Tune, check out:

* :ref:`tune-guides`: Tutorials for using Tune with your preferred machine learning library.
* :doc:`/tune/examples/index`: End-to-end examples and templates for using Tune with your preferred machine learning library.
* :ref:`tune-tutorial`: A simple tutorial that walks you through the process of setting up a Tune experiment.


Further Questions or Issues?
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. include:: /_includes/_help.rst