latexkügelchen totdiskutiert

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hiro98 2020-01-31 17:29:59 +01:00
parent 6964531444
commit 27aabad40d
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@ -389,3 +389,21 @@
\label{fig:latex_kugel-latex_fft} \label{fig:latex_kugel-latex_fft}
\end{figure} \end{figure}
\begin{figure}[H]\centering
\input{../auswertung/figs/latex_kugel/latex_fft.pgf}
\caption{}
\label{fig:latex_kugel-latex_fft}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}[H]\centering
\input{../auswertung/figs/latex_kugel/latex_fft.pgf}
\caption{}
\label{fig:latex_kugel-latex_fft}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}[H]\centering
\input{../auswertung/figs/latex_kugel/latex_fft.pgf}
\caption{}
\label{fig:latex_kugel-latex_fft}
\end{figure}

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@ -15,3 +15,17 @@ author = {Thomas Hebbeker},
title = {Statistik - Fehlerrechnung - Auswertung von Messungen - Teil 2}, title = {Statistik - Fehlerrechnung - Auswertung von Messungen - Teil 2},
url = {https://web.physik.rwth-aachen.de/~hebbeker/lectures/stat_fprakt_2.pdf}, url = {https://web.physik.rwth-aachen.de/~hebbeker/lectures/stat_fprakt_2.pdf},
} }
@article{WADE1992145,
title = "A brief look at imaging and contrast transfer",
journal = "Ultramicroscopy",
volume = "46",
number = "1",
pages = "145 - 156",
year = "1992",
issn = "0304-3991",
doi = "https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3991(92)90011-8",
url = "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0304399192900118",
author = "R.H. Wade",
abstract = "The development of the basic notions of electron microscope imaging and of contrast transfer theory are described. The effects of finite source size and chromatic instabilities (defocus fluctuations) can be represented by envelope functions which attenuate the oscillating contrast transfer function and which have significant effects on resolution. Beam-tilt effects are described. It is shown that there is a close relationship between holography and the contrast transfer representation of the imaging of weak-phase objects. This is a personal account which attempts to give an extremely condensed review of the development of the subject with particular emphasis on the last twenty-five years or so, and on matters of interest in biological macromolecular structure investigations."
}

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@ -234,42 +234,90 @@ diese Effekte von der Biegung, also Wölbung der Folie herrühren.
\label{sec:durchaus} \label{sec:durchaus}
% TODO: allgemeines zu sensitivitaet der Kamera, bedienung % TODO: allgemeines zu sensitivitaet der Kamera, bedienung
Nach inbetriebname des TEM durch auff\"ullen der K\"uhlfalle mit
fl\"ussigem Stickstoff und einschleusen des Probehalters wurden
verschiedenliche Aufnahmen angefertigt.
Die Probe selbst besteht aus einer Kohlenstoffolie auf einem
Kupfernetz. Auf der Kolenstoffolie sind wiederum Latexk\"ugelchen und
Goldinseln aufgebracht.
Die Aufnahmen wurden mit einener Slowscan CCD Kamera angefertigt,
wobei zum schutze des Szintilators vor der Kamera unbedingt auf die
Intensität des Elektronenbildes geachtet werden muss.
\subsection{Bildaufnahme von Latexkügelchen} \subsection{Bildaufnahme von Latexkügelchen}
\label{sec:latex} \label{sec:latex}
Um den Fokus einzustellen und ein Gefühl dafür zu bekommen, ob die Aufnahme überfokussiert oder Um den Fokus einzustellen wurde zunächst eine auf Kohlenstofffolie
unterfokussiert ist, wurde zunächst eine auf Kohlenstofffolie befindliche Latexkugel abgebildet. befindliche Latexkugel abgebildet. Zu erst wurde der Fokus möglichst
Zu erst wurde der Fokus möglichst gut eingestellt und anschließend der Fokus gleichermaßen stark gut eingestellt und anschließend der Fokus gleichermaßen stark in den
in den Über- bzw. Unterfokus verschoben. Über- bzw. Unterfokus verschoben. Zur groben Fokussierung wurde zuerst
der Probenhalter verfahren und dann der Defokus des Linsensystem zur
Feinjustage eingestellt.
\begin{figure}[h] \begin{figure}[h]
\centering \centering
\begin{subfigure}{.29\textwidth} \begin{subfigure}{.29\textwidth}
\includegraphics[width=.8\textwidth]{../messungen/Fokus_Latex/auswertung/Fokus0.jpg} \includegraphics[width=.8\textwidth]{../messungen/Fokus_Latex/auswertung/Fokus0.jpg}
\caption{Latexkugel im Fokus.} \caption{Fokus.\\ Defokus \SI{4.49}{\micro\meter}.}
\label{fig:fokus} \label{fig:fokus}
\end{subfigure} \end{subfigure}
\begin{subfigure}{.29\textwidth} \begin{subfigure}{.29\textwidth}
\includegraphics[width=.8\textwidth]{../messungen/Fokus_Latex/auswertung/Fokus20.jpg} \includegraphics[width=.8\textwidth]{../messungen/Fokus_Latex/auswertung/Fokus20.jpg}
\caption{Latexkugel im Unterfokus.} \caption{Unterfokus.\\ Defokus \SI{25.25}{\micro\meter}.}
\label{fig:unterfok} \label{fig:unterfok}
\end{subfigure} \end{subfigure}
\begin{subfigure}{.29\textwidth} \begin{subfigure}{.29\textwidth}
\includegraphics[width=.8\textwidth]{../messungen/Fokus_Latex/auswertung/Fokus-20.jpg} \includegraphics[width=.8\textwidth]{../messungen/Fokus_Latex/auswertung/Fokus-20.jpg}
\caption{Latexkugel im Überfokus.} \caption{Überfokus.\\ Defokus \SI{-15.85}{\micro\meter}.}
\label{fig:uberfok} \label{fig:uberfok}
\end{subfigure} \end{subfigure}
\caption{Abbildungen der Latexkugeln mit verschiedenen Fokuseinstellungen.} \caption{Abbildungen der Latexkugeln mit verschiedenen Fokuseinstellungen.}
\label{fig:latex} \label{fig:latex}
\end{figure} \end{figure}
In~\ref{fig:latex} kann man das Resultat der verschiedenen Fokuseinstellungen sehen. Dabei ist In~\ref{fig:latex} kann das Resultat der verschiedenen
die Latexkugel in~\ref{fig:fokus} im Fokus. In~\ref{fig:unterfok} erkennt man einen Unterfokus, Fokuseinstellungen eingesehen werden. Allgemein ist im Zentrum des
da sich ein etwas hellerer Ring innerhalb der Kugel gebildet hat und die Kugel von einem Bildes ein Latexk\"ugelchen zu sehen, wobei sich im Hintergrund der
schwarzen Rand umgeben ist. In~\ref{fig:uberfok} hingegen ist ein Überfokus erkennbar, da die Kohlenstoffilm samt L\"ochern und Goldinseln befindet. Dabei ist die
Kugel nun von einem hellen Ring umgeben wird. Diese Ringe entstehen durch Fresnel-Beugungseffekte. Latexkugel in~\ref{fig:fokus} im Fokus. In~\ref{fig:unterfok} erkennt
Beim Überfokus wird eine Ebene hinter dem Objekt abgebildet, beim Unterfokus eine Ebene davor, man einen Unterfokus, da sich ein etwas hellerer Ring innerhalb der
beim Fokus wird die Ebene, in der sich das Objekt befindet, abgebildet. Kugel gebildet hat und die Kugel von einem schwarzen Rand umgeben
ist. In~\ref{fig:uberfok} hingegen ist ein Überfokus erkennbar, da die
Kugel nun von einem hellen Ring umgeben wird. Diese Ringe entstehen
durch Fresnel-Beugungseffekte. Beim Überfokus wird eine Ebene hinter
dem Objekt abgebildet, beim Unterfokus eine Ebene davor, beim Fokus
wird die Ebene, in der sich das Objekt befindet, abgebildet. Durch
die Fresnel S\"aume steigt der Kontrast sodass der Kontrast in der
Fokussierten Abbildung am geringsten ist. Der leichte ``Schatten'' des
Latexk\"ugelchen ist eine Anistropie und l\"asst auf eine (wenn auch
sehr geringe) Verkippung des Probhalters schliessen.
Zur praktischen Einstellung des Fokus war allerdings die Darstellung
des Absolutbetrages der Fouriertransformierten
(Leistungsspektrumsdichte) des Bildes hilfreich. Diese ist f\"ur die
drei Fokussituationen in~\ref{fig:latex_kugel-latex_fft}
abgebildet. Im unter und \"uberfokussierten Bild sind deutlich recht
scharf begrenzte Ringe zu sehen, welche beim fokussierten Bild fehlen
(diese sorgen vermutlich unter anderem f\"ur den erh\"ohten Kontrast
im Bild). Diese Ringe werden als sog. Thon-Ringe bezeichnet und
k\"onnen als Resultat der \"Ubertragunstheorie erkl\"art werden. So
wird die Fouriertransformierte in Radialrichtung durch die
sog. Kontrast\"ubertragungsfunktion moduliert in die neben
Abbildungsfehlern auch der Defokus. N\"ahert man sich dem Fokus, so
wandern die Ringe zum zentrum. Ein astigmatismus w\"urde sich in
Anisotropien in der FFT \"au\ss{}ern und ist hier nicht in hohem
Ma\ss{}e zu erkennen.
\begin{figure}[h]\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{../auswertung/figs/latex_kugel/latex_fft.pdf}
\caption{Die Darstellung des Absolutbetrages der
Fouriertransformierten der Bilder der Latexkügelchen
(\ref{fig:latex}). Niedrige Frequnzen sind in der Mitte der
Bilder zentriert.}
\label{fig:latex_kugel-latex_fft}
\end{figure}
\subsection{Hochaufgel\"oste Abbildung von Goldinseln} \subsection{Hochaufgel\"oste Abbildung von Goldinseln}
\label{sec:hrtem} \label{sec:hrtem}