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@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ results and figures can be found under
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\url{https://github.com/vale981/bachelor_thesis/} and more
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specifically in the subdirectory \texttt{prog/python/qqgg}.
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The file \texttt{monte\_carlo.py} implements all the monte-carlo
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The file \texttt{monte\_carlo.py} implements all the Monte Carlo
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algorithm related functionality as a module. The file
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\texttt{analytical\_xs.org} contains a literate computation notebook
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that generates all the results of \cref{chap:mc}. The file
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@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ variable through integration over the remaining variables and then,
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keeping the first variable fixed, sampling the other variables in a
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likewise manner.
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Consider a function \(f\colon x\in\Omega\mapsto\mathbb{R}_{\geq 0}\)
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Consider a function \(f\colon x\in\Omega\mapsto\mathbb{R}_{>0}\)
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where \(\Omega = [0, 1]\) without loss of generality. Such a function
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is proportional to a probability density \(\tilde{f}\). When \(X\) is
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a uniformly distributed random variable on~\([0, 1]\) (which can be
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@ -84,8 +84,8 @@ efficiency \(\mathfrak{e}\), is given by \cref{eq:impsampeff}.
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\int_0^1\frac{g(x)}{B}\cdot\frac{f(x)}{g(x)}\dd{x} = \int_0^1\frac{f(x)}{B}\dd{x} = \frac{A}{B} = \mathfrak{e}\leq 1
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\end{equation}
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%
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The closer the volumes enclosed by \(g\) and \(f\) are to each other,
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higher is \(\mathfrak{e}\).
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The closer the sizes of volumes enclosed by \(g\) and \(f\) are to
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each other, the higher is \(\mathfrak{e}\).
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Choosing \(g\) like \cref{eq:primitiveg} and looking back at
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\cref{eq:solutionsamp} yields \(y = x\cdot A\), so that the sampling
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@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ way is an alternative method of performing \emph{importance sampling}.
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\end{equation}
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%
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The optimal transformation would be the solution of \(y = F(x)\)
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(\(F\) being the antiderivative), so that
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(\(F\) being the antiderivative of \(f\)), so that
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\(f(x(y)) \cdot \dv{x(y)}{y} = 1\). But transforming \(f\) in this way
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is the same as solving \cref{eq:takesample} which is a problem that
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has been addressed in \cref{sec:hitmiss}. The difference here is, that
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@ -243,14 +243,14 @@ distribution \(f\) is required.
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Yet another approach is to subdivide the sampling volume \(\Omega\)
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into \(K\) sub-volumes \(\Omega_i\subset\Omega\) and then take a
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number of samples from each volume proportional to the integral of the
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function \(f\) in that volume. This is a method of stratified
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function \(f\) in that volume. This is a variant of
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\emph{stratified sampling}, with the advantage that it is now possible
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to optimize the sampling in each sub-volume independently.
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Let \(N\) be the total sample count (\(N\gg 1\)),
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\(A_i = \int_{\Omega_i}f(x)\dd{x}\) and \(A=\sum_iA_i\).
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Then we can calculate the total efficiency of taking \(N_i=A_i/A \cdot N\)
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samples in each is then given by \cref{eq:rstrateff}.
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\(A_i = \int_{\Omega_i}f(x)\dd{x}\) and \(A=\sum_iA_i\). The total
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efficiency when taking \(N_i=A_i/A \cdot N\) samples in each hypercube
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is then given by \cref{eq:rstrateff}.
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%
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\begin{equation}
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\label{eq:rstrateff}
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@ -300,12 +300,12 @@ Jacobian.
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Using the distribution \cref{eq:distcos} for the variable
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\(\cos\theta\) and choosing the polar angle \(\varphi\) uniformly
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random, a sample of 4-momenta can be generated and histograms
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random, a sample of 4-momenta can be generated and histograms of
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observables can be drawn.
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The observables considered here are the transverse momentum \(\pt\)
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and the pseudo rapidity \(\eta\) which can be computed from 4-momentum
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as described in \cref{eq:observables}.
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and the pseudo rapidity \(\eta\) which can be computed from the
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4-momentum as described in \cref{eq:observables}.
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%
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\begin{align}
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\label{eq:observables}
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@ -358,12 +358,11 @@ is a singularity at \(\pt = \ecm\), due to a term
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determinant. This singularity will vanish once considering a more
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realistic process (see \cref{chap:pdf}).
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The compatibility of histograms is tested as discussed in
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\cref{sec:comphist} and the respective \(P\) and \(T\) values are
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being included in the ratio plots. The histograms
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\cref{fig:histeta,fig:histpt} are (see \cref{sec:comphist}) tested for
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consistency with their \rivet-generated counterparts. They have a
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\(P\)-value greater than \(.6\) and are therefore considered valid.
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The compatibility of the histograms and their \rivet-generated
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counterparts is tested as is discussed in \cref{sec:comphist} and the
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respective \(P\) and \(T\) values are being included in the ratio
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plots. The histograms have a \(P\)-value greater than \(0.6\) and are
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therefore considered valid.
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%%% Local Variables:
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%%% mode: latex
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@ -7,11 +7,11 @@ scattering of hadrons to obtain experimentally verifiable
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results. Hadrons are usually modeled as consisting of multiple
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\emph{partons} (i.e. quarks and gluons) using Parton Density Functions
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(PDFs). By using a leading order PDF, the cross section for the
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process \(\ppgg\) on the matrix-element~\cite[14]{buckley:2011ge}
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level\footnote{Neglecting the remnants and other processes like parton
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showers, primordial transverse momentum and multiple interactions.}
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and event samples of that process are obtained. These results are
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being compared with results from \sherpa.
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process \(\ppgg\) on the matrix-element level\footnote{Neglecting the
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remnants and other processes like parton showers, primordial
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transverse momentum and multiple interactions.} and event samples
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of that process are obtained~\cite[14]{buckley:2011ge}. These results
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are being compared with results from \sherpa.
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%%% Local Variables:
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%%% mode: latex
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@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
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\clearpage
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\thispagestyle{empty}
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\null\vfill
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{\large Eingreicht: \@date}
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{\large Eingereicht: \@date}
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\begin{tabular*}{.5\linewidth}[h]{ll}
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1. Gutachter: & Dr. Frank Siegert \\
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